Inleiding en context

Goede morgen allemaal op deze dinsdag 18 juli 2023. Ik begin met een toepasselijk liedje bij de ´kennisparel´ van vandaag: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PUStOuIxWc Vandaag een vergelijkende studie binnen de Europese Unie (EU) naar zogenaamde “bekeringspraktijken” of “conversietherapieën”, of “reparatieve” therapieën of praktijken gericht op het veranderen en onderdrukken of van de seksuele geaardheid, genderidentiteit en/of gender expressie van LHBT+ personen. Dergelijke praktijken, onder de populaire naam ´homogenezing´, worden vanwege hun discriminerende, vernederende, schadelijke en frauduleuze aard in een groeiend aantal lidstaten van de EU verboden met name wanneer de slachtoffers minderjarig zijn. Bijgesloten ´kennisparel´ analyseert en vergelijkt de nationale wetgeving van een aantal lidstaten van de EU alvorens de juridische mogelijkheden te onderzoeken om dergelijke praktijken tegen te gaan en te verbieden op EU-niveau en presenteert een aantal aanbevelingen.

De zogenaamde ´conversiepraktijken´ omvatten drie hoofdtypen van interventies:

Bron

Belavusau, Uladzislau (July 2023). Conversion Practices on LGBT+ People. Brussels: Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, 86 pp.

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/IPOL_STU(2023)752385

Summary

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the European Parliament’s Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE), examines “conversion practices” (also called “conversion therapies”) aimed at changing, repressing or suppressing the sexual orientation, gender identity or expression of LGBT+ persons. Such practices, due to their discriminatory, degrading, harmful and fraudulent nature, are being banned in a growing number of States, including EU Member States. The study analyses and compares selected national legislations before examining the possibilities to counter such practices at EU level, and makes recommendations.

Conversion practices are discriminatory, degrading and dehumanising, often based on homophobia, as their perpetrators consider that people who are LGBT+ are “wrong” and have less dignity compared to others. From a human rights perspective, such practices clearly interfere with and violate several fundamental rights of LGBT+ persons, notably the right to dignity, integrity of the person, privacy (which covers physical or psychological integrity and personal autonomy), expression, equality and non-discrimination, health (including sexual and reproductive health), the rights of the child, and often involve practices that amount to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, as well as torture. According to the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights ”these practices are irreconcilable with several guarantees under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).”

For these reasons, CP have been banned in a growing number of States, including EU Member States, and criticised by international bodies at the UN, Council of Europe and EU level. The United Nations Independent Expert on Protection against Violence and Discrimination based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, Victor Madrigal-Borloz, and the CoE Commissioner issued reports calling for the introduction of bans on CP. At European Union level, the European Parliament called on Member States to ban CP in 2018 and 2021 resolutions; the European Commission has acknowledged in the 2020 LGBTIQ Equality Strategy that such practices as harmful to LGBTI people’s bodily and mental health and engaged to foster the exchange of good practices among Member States; Council Presidency conclusions on the safety of LGBTI persons in the European Union adopted in June 2023 called on Member States to protect LGBTI persons from acts of violence and harmful practices, including being subjected to ‘conversion practices.’

After examining the main features of CPs, this study analyses and compares the growing number of national legislations and policies aimed at banning or countering conversion practices, both in EU Member States and in non-EU States. Against this background, the study then explores whether and how action to counter or ban CPs could be taken at EU level, and notably which are the available options and possibilities, the legal basis and the procedures involved (including whether simple majority or unanimity is required for their adoption, major precedents, and possible obstacles). The areas examined notably anti-discrimination law (Article 19 TEU), European criminal law (Articles 82 and 83 TFEU), health law and policies, free movement of services (Article 59 TFEU) and the internal market (Articles 114 and 115), among others. The analysis reveals that while a number of legal bases are available for EU institutions to take measures against CP, they often require unanimous agreement in the Council, as well as strong political will. In parallel with legislative measures, action to counter CP could be taken by the Commission through a recommendation and by the EP through a resolution.

Afsluitend

Er is geen wetenschappelijk onderzoek bekend dat aantoont dat deze methoden in staat zijn de seksuele geaardheid te wijzigen. Ook is er geen empirisch of wetenschappelijk bewijs dat homoseksualiteit of biseksualiteit een aandoening of afwijking is. Wel bestaat er binnen de wetenschap algemene consensus over het idee dat homoseksualiteit en biseksualiteit normale variaties zijn op de menselijke seksuele geaardheid.

Ook is aangetoond dat de geaardheid van homoseksuelen, lesbiennes en biseksuelen geen belemmering is voor een normale psychische gezondheid en sociaal leven. De meeste gezondheidsorganisaties raden mensen daarom af om te proberen hun seksuele geaardheid te veranderen. Deze methoden worden vaak gezien als onethisch omdat ze schadelijk kunnen zijn voor de geestelijke gezondheid van de betrokkenen.

De methoden die bedoeld zijn om seksuele geaardheid te veranderen, zijn regelmatig controversieel door de sterk tegengestelde visies van voor- en tegenstanders. Voorstanders zijn vaak te vinden in conservatief-religieuze bewegingen en politieke partijen. Tegenstanders zijn meestal wetenschappelijke organisaties of mensenrechtenbewegingen die opkomen voor homorechten.